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🎭 Mocking

📖 ¿Qué es Mocking?​

Mocking es una técnica que utiliza objetos falsos en lugar de objetos reales en las pruebas. Puede eliminar las dependencias externas (DB, API, etc.) y hacer que las pruebas sean rápidas y estables.

💡 Configuración de MockK​

build.gradle.kts​

dependencies {
    testImplementation("io.mockk:mockk:1.13.5")
}

🎯 Uso Básico​

Crear Mock​

import io.mockk.*
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
import kotlin.test.assertEquals

interface UserRepository {
    fun findById(id: String): User?
    fun save(user: User): User
}

data class User(val id: String, val name: String)

class BasicMockTest {
    @Test
    fun `Mock 기본 사용`() {
        // Mock 생성
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()

        // 동작 정의
        every { repo.findById("123") } returns User("123", "홍길동")

        // 테스트
        val user = repo.findById("123")
        assertEquals("홍길동", user?.name)

        // 검증
        verify { repo.findById("123") }
    }
}

Manejar Múltiples Llamadas​

class MultipleCalls {
    @Test
    fun `여러 번 호출`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()

        // 첫 번째는 null, 두 번째는 User 반환
        every { repo.findById("123") } returnsMany listOf(
            null,
            User("123", "홍길동")
        )

        assertEquals(null, repo.findById("123"))
        assertEquals("홍길동", repo.findById("123")?.name)
    }
}

🎨 Ejemplos Prácticos​

Probar Servicio​

class UserService(private val repository: UserRepository) {
    fun getUserName(id: String): String {
        val user = repository.findById(id)
        return user?.name ?: "Unknown"
    }

    fun createUser(name: String): User {
        val user = User(generateId(), name)
        return repository.save(user)
    }

    private fun generateId() = "ID-${System.currentTimeMillis()}"
}

class UserServiceTest {
    @Test
    fun `사용자 조회 성공`() {
        // Given
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()
        every { repo.findById("123") } returns User("123", "홍길동")

        val service = UserService(repo)

        // When
        val name = service.getUserName("123")

        // Then
        assertEquals("홍길동", name)
        verify { repo.findById("123") }
    }

    @Test
    fun `사용자 없을 때`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()
        every { repo.findById("999") } returns null

        val service = UserService(repo)
        val name = service.getUserName("999")

        assertEquals("Unknown", name)
    }
}

Probar Cliente API​

interface ApiClient {
    suspend fun fetchData(url: String): String
}

class DataService(private val client: ApiClient) {
    suspend fun loadData(): String {
        return client.fetchData("https://api.example.com/data")
    }
}

class DataServiceTest {
    @Test
    fun `API 호출 테스트`() = runBlocking {
        // Given
        val client = mockk<ApiClient>()
        coEvery { client.fetchData(any()) } returns "데이터"

        val service = DataService(client)

        // When
        val result = service.loadData()

        // Then
        assertEquals("데이터", result)
        coVerify { client.fetchData("https://api.example.com/data") }
    }
}

🔧 Características Avanzadas​

Relaxed Mock​

class RelaxedMockTest {
    @Test
    fun `Relaxed Mock`() {
        // 모든 메서드가 기본값 반환
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>(relaxed = true)

        // 정의하지 않아도 null 반환
        val user = repo.findById("123")
        assertEquals(null, user)
    }
}

Spy​

class RealUserRepository : UserRepository {
    override fun findById(id: String): User? {
        return User(id, "실제 사용자")
    }

    override fun save(user: User): User {
        return user
    }
}

class SpyTest {
    @Test
    fun `Spy 사용`() {
        val repo = spyk(RealUserRepository())

        // 일부만 mock
        every { repo.findById("123") } returns User("123", "Mock 사용자")

        // Mock된 메서드
        assertEquals("Mock 사용자", repo.findById("123")?.name)

        // 실제 메서드
        assertEquals("실제 사용자", repo.findById("456")?.name)
    }
}

Capture​

class CaptureTest {
    @Test
    fun `인자 캡처`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>(relaxed = true)
        val slot = slot<User>()

        val service = UserService(repo)

        every { repo.save(capture(slot)) } returns User("1", "홍길동")

        service.createUser("홍길동")

        // 캡처된 인자 검증
        assertEquals("홍길동", slot.captured.name)
    }
}

🔥 Patrones Prácticos​

Probar Manejo de Excepciones​

class ExceptionTest {
    @Test
    fun `예외 발생 테스트`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()

        every { repo.findById("error") } throws Exception("DB 오류")

        val service = UserService(repo)

        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
            service.getUserName("error")
        }
    }
}

Llamadas Secuenciales​

class SequentialTest {
    @Test
    fun `연속 호출 테스트`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()

        every { repo.findById("123") } returns User("123", "첫번째") andThen
                User("123", "두번째") andThen
                null

        assertEquals("첫번째", repo.findById("123")?.name)
        assertEquals("두번째", repo.findById("123")?.name)
        assertEquals(null, repo.findById("123"))
    }
}

Mock Condicional​

class ConditionalTest {
    @Test
    fun `조건부 동작`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()

        every {
            repo.findById(match { it.startsWith("VIP") })
        } returns User("VIP-001", "VIP 사용자")

        every {
            repo.findById(match { !it.startsWith("VIP") })
        } returns null

        assertEquals("VIP 사용자", repo.findById("VIP-001")?.name)
        assertEquals(null, repo.findById("123"))
    }
}

🛠️ Mocking de Corutinas​

Funciones suspend​

interface AsyncRepository {
    suspend fun fetch(): String
    suspend fun save(data: String)
}

class AsyncTest {
    @Test
    fun `suspend 함수 mock`() = runBlocking {
        val repo = mockk<AsyncRepository>()

        coEvery { repo.fetch() } returns "데이터"
        coEvery { repo.save(any()) } just Runs

        assertEquals("데이터", repo.fetch())
        repo.save("새 데이터")

        coVerify { repo.fetch() }
        coVerify { repo.save("새 데이터") }
    }
}

🎯 Patrones de Verificación​

Conteo de Llamadas​

class VerifyTest {
    @Test
    fun `호출 횟수 검증`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>(relaxed = true)

        repo.findById("123")
        repo.findById("123")
        repo.findById("456")

        // 정확히 2번
        verify(exactly = 2) { repo.findById("123") }

        // 최소 1번
        verify(atLeast = 1) { repo.findById("456") }

        // 최대 3번
        verify(atMost = 3) { repo.findById(any()) }
    }
}

Verificar Orden​

class OrderTest {
    @Test
    fun `호출 순서 검증`() {
        val repo = mockk<UserRepository>(relaxed = true)

        repo.findById("1")
        repo.findById("2")
        repo.save(User("3", "test"))

        verifyOrder {
            repo.findById("1")
            repo.findById("2")
            repo.save(any())
        }
    }
}

🤔 Preguntas Frecuentes​

P1. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre Mock y Spy?​

R: Mock es falso, Spy es real + parcialmente falso.

// Mock - 모든 동작 정의 필요
val mock = mockk<UserRepository>()
every { mock.findById(any()) } returns null

// Spy - 실제 객체 + 일부만 mock
val spy = spyk(RealUserRepository())
every { spy.findById("특정ID") } returns User("특정ID", "Mock")
// 나머지는 실제 동작

P2. ¿Qué es any()?​

R: Un matcher que acepta cualquier argumento.

val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()

// 아무 String이나
every { repo.findById(any()) } returns User("1", "test")

// 특정 패턴
every { repo.findById(match { it.startsWith("VIP") }) } returns User("vip", "VIP")

P3. ¿Cuándo debo usar Relaxed Mock?​

R: Cuando no quiera definir todos los métodos.

// ❌ 일일이 정의
val repo = mockk<UserRepository>()
every { repo.findById(any()) } returns null
every { repo.save(any()) } returns User("1", "test")

// ✅ 자동으로 기본값
val repo = mockk<UserRepository>(relaxed = true)
// 정의 안 해도 기본값 반환

🎬 Conclusión​

Cree pruebas independientes con Mocking.

Resumen Clave:
✅ Crear Mock con mockk
✅ Definir comportamiento con every
✅ Verificar llamadas con verify
✅ Soportar corutinas con coEvery
✅ Conveniente con Relaxed Mock

Próximo Paso: Aprenda desarrollo dirigido por pruebas en TDD.